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A generalized theory for the viscoelastic behavior of bitumen is presented. The mathematical model incorporates strain rate and temperature dependency as well as nonmonotonic loading and unloading with shape recovery. The model is phenomenological in nature. It can be calibrated using a relatively limited set of experimental parameters that are obtainable by uniaxial tests. It is shown that the mathematical model can be represented as a special nonlinear form of the Burgers model. This facilitates the derivation of numerical algorithms for solving the constitutive equations. A numerical scheme is implemented in a customized material model subroutine in a finite-element analysis (FEA) program. Simulation results are compared with the results of uniaxial and indentation tests on bitumen.
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Costanzi et al. (2014) studied this question.
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