The upconversion process is reported to occur via interparticle energy transfer (IPET) achieved with Ln3+-doped BaLuF5 (Ln = Tm and Yb) nanocrystals in the size range of sub 5 nm. Both Yb3+ and Tm3+ ions are independently doped in BaLuF5 nanocrystals. Colloidal mixtures containing the above two nanocrystals show strong upconversion emission in the blue, red, and near-IR regions via IPET.
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Sarkar et al. (2012) studied this question.
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