Radio ground-wave propagation in the Arctic Ocean occurs over mixed paths. The mixed paths include layered or homogeneous sea ice and sea water. Amplitude and phase variations occurring as "dropoff" or "recovery" effects at the ice-sea-water boundaries provide a technique for sea-ice mapping and an explanation for anomalous radio reception. The phase variations are more sensitive over short distances from the mixed path boundaries.
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Albert W. Biggs (1971) studied this question.
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