Naringin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression and AKT phosphorylation in tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced vascular smooth muscle cells

Citrus fruits are high in naringin, which has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases. However, the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) regulation involved in cell migration and invasion remains to be identified. Naringin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced expression of MMP-9, under 10-25 microM concentration conditions in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The TNF-alpha-induced invasion and migration of VSMC were inhibited by naringin. Furthermore, naringin suppressed TNF-alpha-mediated release of interleukin-6 and -8 (IL-6 and IL-8). However, naringin (10-25 microM) treatment of VSMC in the presence of TNF-alpha did not affect cell growth and apoptosis. In additional experiments, naringin reduced the transcriptional activity of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), which are two important nuclear transcription factors that are involved in MMP-9 expression. Also, naringin treatment blocked PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathway in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC. Treatment of aglycone naringenin (10-25 microM) had same effect on the levels of MMP-9 expression, invasion, migration, and AKT phosphorylation in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC, compared with naringin treatment. These results suggest that naringin represses PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, invasion and migration, and subsequently suppresses MMP-9 expression through the transcription factors NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 in TNF-alpha-induced VSMC. These novel findings provide a theoretical basis for the preventive use of naringin for atherosclerosis disease.