Sugar receptors: Urea-appended porphyrins were the most effective binding agent for pyranosides in chloroform and still very effective even in the presence of hydroxylic cosolvents. The combination of a rigid porphyrin skeleton and acyclic, flexible, yet preorganized polar urea groups aligned in a rigid platform (see picture) enabled three-dimensional recognition of carbohydrates.
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Kim et al. (2002) studied this question.