In the above Table paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents have been combined as the patterns are very similar. Out of 476 pairs of granflparents for whom information was available, 329 or nearly 70 per cent werf totally illiterate; the standard of literacy was purposely kept very low, so that anybody who had attended school at all, for however short a period, was reckoned literate. By the same standard about s5 per cent of the parents (i.e. both parents) were illiterate. It is obvious that students coming from such a background, especially those with illiterate
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Gustav Jahoda (1954) studied this question.
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