Sleeve Gastrectomy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Improvements at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years—Are the Initial Benefits Sustained?

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Patient flow chart. T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus; SG sleeve gastrectomy

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  Fig. 2. Patients with weight regain at 3, 5, 7 and 9 years after sleeve gastrectomy, and their comparisons with previous time points Significant change from the previous timepoint at the level of **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001

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  Fig. 3. Changes (Δ) in anthropometric and clinical measures at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years after sleeve gastrectomy, relative to baseline BMI body mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; diamonds indicate the mean change value (Δ); error bars indicate standard deviations of the change value (σΔ); dotted line represents zero change from baseline; significant change from baseline at the level of *P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001

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  Fig. 4. Changes (Δ) in glycemic measures at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years after sleeve gastrectomy, relative to baseline FBG fasting blood glucose; HbA1c hemoglobin A1c; HOMA IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; diamonds indicate the mean change value (Δ); error bars indicate standard deviations of the change value (σΔ); dotted line represents zero change from baseline; *significant change from baseline, P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. For insulin level, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR, statistical tests not run for comparisons of years 5–7 and years 7–9 due to insufficient patients with measures at both time points

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  Fig. 5. Changes (Δ) in lipid measures at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years after sleeve gastrectomy, relative to baseline LDL low-density lipoprotein; HDL high-density lipoprotein; diamonds indicate the mean change value (Δ); error bars indicate standard deviations of the change value (σΔ); dotted line represents zero change from baseline; significant change from baseline at the level of *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001

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  Fig. 6. Changes (Δ) in hepatic measures at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years after sleeve gastrectomy, relative to baseline ALT alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; diamonds indicate the mean change value (Δ); error bars indicate standard deviations of the change value (σΔ); dotted line represents zero change from baseline; significant change from baseline at the level of *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001

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  Fig. 7. Percentage of patients on A diabetes medication; B insulin therapy; C not on diabetes medication or insulin, comparisons with previous time points Significant change from previous timepoint at level of **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001