The vertical distribution of ionization in the upper atmosphere

Some transformations are given of the de Groot‐Appleton formula to facilitate its use for determining the distribution of ionization with height from equivalent‐height data. The method is applied to data published by Appleton for noon conditions in England in April and May, 1933, and the results are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. The scale‐height in the F 2 ‐layer on these days was of the order of 20 to 30 km. In the last section, a formula is derived for determining the vertical distribution of electron‐collision frequency from simultaneous measurements of the reflection‐coefficient as a function of frequency.