First-order phase transitions in ferromagnet/superconductor layered structures

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

We study the thermodynamics of clean structures composed of superconductor (S) and ferromagnet (F) layers and consisting of one or more SFS junctions. We use fully self-consistent numerical methods to compute the condensation free energies of the possible order parameter configurations as a function of temperature T. As T varies, we find that there are phase transitions between states characterized by different junction configurations (denoted as ``0'' or ``π'' according to the phase difference of the order parameter in consecutive S layers). We show that these transitions are of first order. We calculate the associated latent heats and find them to be measurable.