Skeletons in the cupboard? Quantifying bird predation on Atlantic salmon: atlas vertebra:fish length equations revisited

Throughout Europe there is considerable concern about the potential impact of sawbill ducks Mergus spp. and great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo on catches of commercial fish (reviews by Marquiss & Carss, 1994; Russell et al ., 1996). A prerequisite to estimating impact is to quantify the consumption of commercially important fish by birds. This requires site‐specific data on (1) bird numbers, (2) their daily food intake and (3) diet. Considerable effort has been directed at quantifying (2) and (3) and exploring the biases associated with different methods (see Carss et al ., 1997 for review).