A three-dimensional (3-D) method for modeling multimode interference devices based on a finite element formulation is presented as an alternative to models having one-dimensional cross-sections only. The method is tested for couplers with two different strongly confined waveguides structures. The results show that full treatment of two-dimensional cross-section is of special importance for design and simulation of waveguide devices for which the effective index approximation is no longer valid. For deep rib waveguide geometries, excess loss greater than 15 dB can be obtained if the 3-D method is not used in the design of the couplers.
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Vázquez et al. (1995) studied this question.
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