Evaluation of Patients with Angiographically-Confirmed Coronary Artery Disease to Investigate the Association Between Epicardial Fat Thickness and Atrial Fibrillation

Figures

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  Figure 1. ECG and Holter in the detection of atrial fibrillation. (A) A representative ECG showing atrial fibrillation rhythm from a patient with permanent atrial fibrillation. (B) A selected segment of a representative Holter showing atrial fibrillation rhythm from a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

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  Figure 2. Coronary angiography (CAG) in the detection of coronary artery disease. (A) Shows 80~85% stenosis (red arrow) in the proximal and mid-segment left anterior descending (LAD) and 95% stenosis (red arrow) in the proximal segment of left circumflex artery (LCX). (B) Shows 85% stenosis (red arrow) in the proximal segment of LAD and 90~95% stenosis (red arrow) in the mid-distal segment of LAD.

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  Figure 3. The measurement of epicardial fat thickness (EFT) by echocardiography in a patient with sinus rhythm. Epicardial fat appears as an echo-free space between the red dashed lines. (A) EFT measured during end-diastole in the parasternal long-axis view. (B) EFT measured during end-systole in the parasternal long-axis view. (C) EFT measured during end-diastole in the parasternal short-axis view. (D) EFT measured during end-systole in the parasternal short -axis view.

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  Figure 4. The measurement of epicardial fat thickness (EFT) by echocardiography in a patient with atrial fibrillation. Epicardial fat appears as an echo-free space between the red dashed lines. (A) EFT measured during end-diastole in the parasternal long-axis view. (B) EFT measured during end-systole in the parasternal long-axis view. (C) EFT measured during end-diastole in the parasternal short-axis view. (D) EFT measured during end-systole in the parasternal short -axis view.

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  Figure 5. Scatter plot of LA diameter by EFT. There was no apparent correlation between LA diameter and EFT, R2=0.020. EFT – epicardial fat thickness; LA – left atrial.