The customary free expansion to the walls of ions in a pulsed, laser-produced plasma in vacuum has been shown to be inhibited significantly by the rapid injection of an intense electron current from the laser target. In this manner liter-volume, n~10¹⁴ cm^-3, high-Z, highly ionized plasmas with mean ion lifetimes >100 {μ}sec have been produced.
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Mussetto et al. (1978) studied this question.