Graphene layers are directly synthesized on an oxide substrate without transfer. The catalytic structure aids graphene formation without the vaporization of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) material and induces direct growth of graphene on the substrate. Film uniformity and the number of graphene layers are modulated. The catalytic structure and growth process provide a robust method for transfer-free graphene growth with uniform thickness.
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Shin et al. (2011) studied this question.
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