Marsh's theory of surface scattering is applied to the case of imperfect reflectors. The result for backscattering is quite simple for it is only the product of Marsh's result and the absolute value of a modified reflection coefficient squared. Using backscattering data, a method of obtaining the absolute value of the modified reflection coefficient, roughness spectrum, and the physical properties of the surface material is shown for the cases of laboratory sand surfaces, sea bottom, and Arctic-ice cover. Lambert's law is also discussed.
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Edward Y. T. Kuo (1964) studied this question.