Potential effects of regular use of antihypertensive drugs for in-hospital delirium in geriatric patients with trauma

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow chart of participant inclusion.

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  Figure 2. Primary and secondary outcome events. Relative risks of each outcome. Horizontal bars show 95% CIs. A thick vertical line represents a relative risk of 1.0, indicating no significant difference in outcome between AHT(−) and AHT(+) groups. † The results were statistically significant based on 95% CI, and a black circle plotted on the horizontal bar. Causes of death in the ATH(-) group were as follows: severe brain injury (n = 6), heart failure (n = 1), sepsis (n = 3), natural death (n = 1). Causes of death in the ATH(+) group were as follows: severe brain injury (n = 3), haemorrhage shock (n = 1), aortic dissection (n = 1), heart failure (n = 1), multiple organ failure (n = 1), sepsis (n = 2), malignant tumor (n = 2). AHT, antihypertensive drug; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CI, confidence interval.

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  Figure 3. Result of post-hoc analysis. The four groups are as follows: A, AHT(+) and delirium(+); B, AHT(−) and delirium(+); C, AHT(+) and delirium(−); D, AHT(−) and delirium(−). The WBC count and CRP values were the highest in three days after injury. The vertical dashed lines between the horizontal bars show 95%CIs. The black thick horizontal bars are the mean value, and gray boxes are SDs. † The results were statistically significant based p-value < 0.05. We performed the Kruskal–Wallis test, a non-parametric analysis, because the homoscedasticity of the data rejected. (a) Significant differences were observed between groups A and C and groups A and D (Kruskal–Wallis test: p = 0.004). (b) Significant differences were observed between groups A and C, A and D, B and C, and B and D (Kruskal–Wallis test: p < 0.001). AHT, antihypertensive drug; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell.