The XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) spectra of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu diluted in Al have been measured. The valence bands of the impurities consist of a single narrow state (2 Delta approximately 1.5 eV) near to the Fermi energy (E F ) for Mn and Fe which moves away gradually from E F with increasing d state occupancy.
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Steiner et al. (1977) studied this question.
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