Wet and dry atmospheric deposition of microplastics at urban, suburban, rural and mountainous sites in Switzerland

Microplastics (MPs) are environmental contaminants of global concern. Although the relevance of the atmosphere in the transport and distribution of MPs worldwide has been acknowledged, country-scale quantitative data on wet and dry MP deposition rates remain limited. We therefore quantified MPs in wet and dry atmospheric deposition samples collected on a four-weekly basis over a one-year period between May 2024 and May 2025 at one urban (Zurich), one suburban (Duebendorf), two rural (Magadino and Payerne) and one mountainous site (Chaumont) in Switzerland. We used focal plane array μ-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to identify MPs in the 20–215 µm size range and included a rigorous assessment of the measurement uncertainties. Particle sizes were converted into masses to obtain mass deposition rates. The number- and mass-based MP deposition rates were highest at the urban site, with respective means of 881 MPs m−2 d−1 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 562–1199] and 53 µg m−2 d−1 [CI: 17–107]. The deposition rates were lower and similar among the remaining sites, ranging from 249 to 331 MPs m−2 d−1 [CI: 140–478] and from 13 to 21 µg m−2 d−1 [CI: 4–46]. Based on the determined deposition rates and land-use statistics, an annual deposition of 219 t or 3.8×1014 particles was estimated for MPs of the analyzed 20–215 µm size fraction excluding tire wear particles, in regions <2000 m above sea level across Switzerland. Corresponding annual atmospheric inputs of MPs to Swiss agricultural land and surface waters were estimated at 78 and 10 t, respectively.