Analysing the sustainability of intra-SACU trade in the context of existing infrastructure challenges

This article assesses the sustainability of intra-SACU trade via a systematic literature review of 28 peer-reviewed sources (2010–25). It examines how persistent infrastructure deficits in road, rail, port, energy, and digital systems interact with non-tariff barriers and structural policy constraints, notably the SACU revenue-sharing formula, to shape trade efficiency, resilience, and regional value-chain development. Thematic analysis synthesises four dimensions: infrastructure challenges, trade impacts, sustainability concerns, and policy drivers. Findings reveal that SACU's reliance on road transport, compounded by border inefficiencies and governance fragmentation, imposes high costs on landlocked BLNE members and reinforces internal asymmetries. The study proposes a phased roadmap that integrates immediate digital facilitation, medium-term SME support, and corridor improvements, as well as long-term multimodal infrastructure development, policy harmonisation, and revenue-sharing reform. It provides actionable policy guidance to strengthen regional integration, resilience, and inclusivity.