A Case of Steroid-Responsive, COVID-19 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Following the Use of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

We present a case report of a 54-year-old male with metastasized nasopharyngeal carcinoma presenting to the hospital with dyspnea, anorexia and fever. Examination revealed chemotherapy-induced pancytopenia. The patient tested positive for SARSCoV-2, but respiratory complications were mild. The patient was treated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) leading to amelioration of the neutropenia. However, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurred, prompting the diagnosis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). GCSF is currently investigated as additional therapy in ARDS, but this case report emphasizes that risks and benefits must be carefully assessed. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of IRIS-induced ARDS in a COVID-19 patient.