Turbulence behind a biplanar grid with jets of air injected at the grid surface either in the upstream or the downstream direction was found to be nearly isotropic for x/M ≳ 20. Turbulence level increases with the injection rate for both upstream and downstream injection. The shape of the energy spectrum functions and microscales do not vary with the injection rate. The microscales for upstream injection are larger than those for downstream injection.
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Tassa et al. (1975) studied this question.
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