Immune Profiles in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with Cardiovascular Abnormalities

Figures

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  Figure 1. Outline of participant categorization. In the study cohort (n = 152), plasma samples were collected from children who were MIS-C with (n = 88) cardiovascular involvement (MIS-C cardiac) and MIS-C without (n = 64) cardiac manifestations (MIS-C non-cardiac).

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  Figure 2. MIS-C children with cardiac involvement have elevated cytokines and chemokines. Plasma levels from MIS-C cardiac (MIS-C (C) (n = 88)) and MIS-C non-cardiac (MIS-C (NC) (n = 64)) children. Type 1, type 2, type 17, other proinflammatory cytokines, CC chemokines and CXC chemokines were measured using multiplex assays. Each circle represents a single individual, and the bars represent the geometric mean values. p values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney test with Holm’s correction for multiple comparisons.

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  Figure 3. Cytokine and chemokine profiling of immune markers in children with MIS-C with and without cardiac manifestations. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to analyze the immune markers that were found to be statistically different exclusively in MIS-C children with and without cardiac manifestations and the univariate analysis could separate the groups according to individual levels of each subject. Data were log10 transformed and z-score normalized.

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  Figure 4. Diminished cytokine and chemokine levels after treatment and recovery. The plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines were measured in (A) MIS-C children with cardiac manifestations (n = 26) and (B) without cardiac manifestations (n = 14) at baseline (pre) and at 9 months following treatment (post). The data are presented as line graphs with each line representing a single individual. p values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.