Students in present-day classrooms commonly resist intellectual work and show a strong impatience to finish school and begin a career. This is one result of a culture war over curriculum which began after the 1960s, both inside and outside schooling, over an aggressive vocational policy imposed from the top down. A participatory and dialogic method for job-training courses, derived from Paulo Freire's ideas, can offer a critical and animating alternative to the current methods of technical instruction.
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Ira Shor (1988) studied this question.
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