1 AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK; and2Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK Keywords: transgenic animals; gene targeting; reproduction Contents Introduction Methods of genetic manipulation Microinjection Retroviral vectors Embryonal stem cells Spermatozoa as vectors Factors affecting the expression of transgenes Choice of species Assays for transgene expression Research strategies using genetically manipulated animals Ablation of tissues Cell lineages Identification of new genes Modification of gene function Disease models Other uses of oncogenes in transgenic animals Somatic gene therapy Research in reproduction Embryogenesis Homoeobox-containing genes Genomic imprinting Hypogonadal mice and the GnRH gene Development of the reproductive tract Lactation Spermatogenesis Conclusions Introduction During the past decade, revolutionary new opportunities in biological research have been created by bringing together techniques developed in two very different areas of biology: molecular biology and mammalian embryo manipulation. A gene from
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Wilmut et al. (1991) studied this question.