A brief overview of the three elements of photon‐in photon‐out spectroscopy is given, i.e., X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS). Key features are emphasized, such as element selectivity and the ability to study electronic states in dilute systems, at buried interfaces, and in a liquid environment. Characteristic applications in the areas of nanomaterials, biomaterials, and photovoltaic materials illustrate these capabilities.
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F. J. Himpsel (2010) studied this question.
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