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Three means of optical confinement imposed on InAlGaAs/InP 1.3 μm VCSEL arrays are investigated with self-consistent numerical model of laser operation. Laterally patterned tunnel junction (TJ), in-build guiding realized with air-gap patterning, and antiguiding schemes are investigated and optimized to achieve single-mode operation. The analysis shows that mode discrimination in laterally patterned TJ is very responsive to the injected current, the air-gap patterning reduces influence of the working conditions and supports multimode operation, and finally, antiguiding schemes provide single-mode operation for prescribed geometrical design.
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Czyszanowski et al. (2013) studied this question.
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