Palynology and intergeneric relationships in subtribe Hyoseridinae (Compositae:Lactuceae)

Subtribe Hyoseridinae is a heterogeneous, predominantly Mediterranean, group of nine genera containing about 47 species. Pollen morphology and exine stratification are found to be useful in clarifying the relationships between the genera and subtribes. Echinate and echinolophate pollen types with four patterns of exine stratification occur in this subtribe. Pollen of the genus Koelpinia reveals a close affinity to Tragopogon in subtribe Scorzonerinae. An affinity is suggested between the isolated, thistle-like Scolymus (subtribe Scolyminae) and certain members of the Hyoseridinae. Evidence is presented of a relationship between the three genera Arnoseris, Hispidella and Tolpis and members of subtribe Crepidinae, notably Andryala and Hieracium. The palynological studies support the most recent proposals concerning the classification of the Hyoseridinae.