Novel pathways that regulate tumor necrosis factor-α production in rheumatoid arthritis

Clinical intervention studies have clearly shown the benefit in suppressing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In consequence, considerable interest has arisen in those pathways that in turn regulate TNF-alpha production, because they may offer further possible therapeutic targets. Several candidate pathways are currently being investigated. They include T cell/macrophage interactions mediated primarily through cell-cell membrane contact; novel cytokine activities; microbial-derived products, in particular bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid sequences; autoreactive T cells, and immunoglobulins. At the subcellular level, there is further interest in targeting signaling and mRNA processing and cytokine cleavage pathways required for optimal TNF-alpha production. The key recent observations in these areas, particularly in the extracellular compartment, are reviewed.