The causes of nontraumatic renal hemorrhage are reviewed and the roentgenographic criteria for distinguishing intrarenal, subcapsular and perirenal types outlined. A statistical analysis of 22 cases is presented: 10 were caused by tumors, some undetectable roentgenographically. Surgical exploration of the kidney is recommended in all cases of spontaneous renal and perirenal hematoma, if all medical causes for bleeding can be excluded.
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Pollack et al. (1974) studied this question.