The lowest triplet state energy and the zero-field splitting parameters ‖D‖ and ‖E‖ have been determined for 1,5-naphtho-22-crown-6, 1,8-naphtho-21-crown-6, 2,3-naphtho-20-crown-6, and 2,3-naphtho-17-crown-5, and their complexes with various metal ions (Na+, K+, Cs+, Ba+2, Hg+2, Ag+, Tl+) by low temperature phosphorescence and optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectroscopy in zero applied magnetic field. The results have been interpreted in terms of the Stark effect arising from the metal ions bound to the crown cavity. The maximum Stark effect on the triplet state energy and on the ZFS parameters is observed when the perturber ions are located along the in-plane long axis. A Stark effect is not observed when the ions are placed along the out-of-plane axis.
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Ghosh et al. (1988) studied this question.
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