The stiffness of the hadronic equation of state has been extracted from the production rate of K⁺ mesons in heavy-ion collisions around 1 AGeV incident energy. The data are best described with a compression modulus K around 200 MeV, a value which is usually called ``soft.'' This is concluded from a detailed comparison of the results of transport theories with the experimental data using two different procedures: (i) the energy dependence of the ratio of K⁺ from Au+Au and C+C collisions and (ii) the centrality dependence of the K⁺ multiplicities. It is demonstrated that input quantities of these transport theories which are not precisely known, such as the kaon-nucleon potential, the ΔN→NK⁺Λ cross section, or the lifetime of the Δ in matter, do not modify this conclusion.
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Hartnack et al. (2006) studied this question.
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