The poling-history dependent behavior of ferroelectric ceramics has been investigated by experimental tests. A suddenly poled ferroelectric ceramic was found to have significantly larger remnant polarization and strain than the corresponding values of a gradually poled one. To explain this phenomenon, a new domain-switching criterion for ferroelectric ceramics is proposed, in which each 180° switching is divided into two successive 90° switchings. In a suddenly poled ceramic, the strong intergranular interaction after the first 90° switching is favorable for accomplishing the second 90° switching. The effects of poling-dependent effects are then taken into account by evaluating different levels of energy dissipation after the first 90° switching. The domain orientation distribution function (ODF) as well as the macroscopic polarization and strain are analytically derived under cyclic electric loading. In the non-dissipation case, the macroscopic polarization of a ferroelectric ceramic can be ideally saturated as long as the magnitude of the applied electric field exceeds ( E C is the coercive field), while in the full dissipation case, the maximum macroscopic polarization is related to the magnitude of the applied electric field. The hysteresis loops for the non-dissipation case are almost identical to the corresponding loops of a suddenly poled ceramic, and the hysteresis loops for the full dissipation case are very close to those of a gradually poled ceramic. The good agreement between the analytical and experimental results indicates the validity of the proposed model in describing the poling-history dependent effects in ferroelectric ceramics.
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Li et al. (2004) studied this question.
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