A new method has been developed in which the author can determine ratios of electron and Penning excitation rates for Cd(II) excited states directly by superposing quasi-CW and CW excitations. In positive column He-Cd + laser discharges, the ratios have been determined and it has been proved that the stepwise excitation process exceeds the Penning excitation process for the laser upper states 5s 2 2 D and also the laser lower states 5p 2 P under the discharge conditions for laser action.
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Toshio Goto (1982) studied this question.
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