Assessing Student Strengths and Risks: Updating a Risk and Needs Assessment for High School Students

The Washington Assessment of the Risks and Needs of Students (WARNS) is used to identify student risks and needs associated with absenteeism and truancy. This study evaluated an updated factor structure for the WARNS, aiming to enhance its utility for identifying both student risks and strengths. Confirmatory factor analysis compared several models, including a symmetrical bifactor model and a two-factor higher-order model distinguishing Risk and Strengths dimensions. The two-factor higher-order and the bifactor models were preferred models, supporting scoring validity and different aspects of interpretation and use. Reliability analyses indicated high internal consistency and moderate test–retest reliability across domains. The revised WARNS structure enables practitioners to identify areas of concern and domains of strength, facilitating more targeted strategies and conversations with students. The dual-factor framework aligns with contemporary models of positive youth development and supports holistic, student-centered practices.