A Review of the Costs and Benefits of Deep Sea Mining and the Ways Pollution Charges Could Work

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

The existing royalty and tax system operated through the International Seabed Authority could be adapted to manage and mitigate the uncertain but potentially severe ecological pollution caused by deep sea mining. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

C. Paul Hallwood

doi:10.3390/oceans7040071

August 21, 2026OceansOpen Access

A Review of the Costs and Benefits of Deep Sea Mining and the Ways Pollution Charges Could Work

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Key Points

To assess the economic benefits and ecological risks associated with deep sea mining and explore how fiscal policies can regulate environmental pollution.
Reviewed economic impacts and regulatory authority of the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
Evaluated environmental risks and proposed policy adaptations using existing royalty and tax frameworks.
Identifies substantial potential economic gains for global markets alongside risks of severe, uncertain damage to deep sea ecosystems.
Proposes adapting existing international royalty and taxation systems to levy charges against severe marine pollution.

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Implication

Policy review explores economic incentives and ecological risks of deep sea mining, suggesting taxation mechanisms could manage potential environmental damage.

Abstract

The potential benefits of deep sea mining for the International Seabed Authority members and the wider world economy are explained. However, deep sea mining is controversial because of its uncertain effects on deep sea ecology, with severe negative effects being possible. As a countermeasure it is argued that the existing royalty and tax system operated through the ISA could be used to manage pollution levels should these turn out to be serious, which at present is not clearly known.

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Cite This Study

C. Paul Hallwood (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8aae507677a341144474ec https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans7040071

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A Review of the Costs and Benefits of Deep Sea Mining and the Ways Pollution Charges Could Work

Key Points

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Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

A Review of the Costs and Benefits of Deep Sea Mining and the Ways Pollution Charges Could Work

Key Points

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Implication

Abstract

Discussion

Cite This Study

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