U.S. Drinking‐Water Regulations: Treatment Technologies and Cost

The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments have imposed a large number of new regulations on the U.S. drinking‐water industry. A major set of regulations currently under consideration will control disinfectants and disinfection by‐products. Included in the development of these regulations is an Information Collection Rule and an Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. These rules will require monitoring for microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and viruses. Certain surface‐water systems may be required to remove microbiological contaminants above levels currently required by the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Also included in these rules will be monitoring requirements for disinfection by‐products and evaluation of precursor removal technologies. As various regulations are promulgated, regulators and those associated with the drinking‐water industry need to be cognizant of the potential impact of treatment to control one contaminant or group of contaminants on control of other contaminants. Compliance with drinking‐water regulations mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments has been estimated to cost about $1.6 billion.