The general conclusion is that a prolonged (six to eight years) period of rather low deer population is needed in secondgrowth hardwood-hemlock stands, to permit successful regeneration and adequate growth of the understory seedlings in northern hardwood-hemlock stands. Even though sugar maple reproduction is known for its ability to withstand rather heavy deer browsing for many years without undue mortality, seedlings that are repeatedly browsed back become stunted and mal-
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Don J. Neff (1957) studied this question.