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An expression is obtained for the frequency response of an optical system according to the approximation of geometrical optics. The difficulties inherent in the explicit calculation of ray densities in the image are avoided. The method is applied to defect of focus, astigmatism and aberration tolerances, and the results compared with those obtained according to diffraction theory. In the cases studied the ray-optically calculated frequency response suggests a poorer image quality than that given by diffraction theory.
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Harold H. Hopkins (1957) studied this question.
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