Key result
Confounding in surgical research can lead to spurious associations, which can be mitigated through methods like randomization, restriction, matching, stratification, and multivariable regression.
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Review
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Requires cautious interpretation of observational surgical studies; extends methodological guidance for researchers.
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Braga et al. (2012) reported a review. Confounding in surgical research can lead to spurious associations, which can be mitigated through methods like randomization, restriction, matching, stratification, and multivariable regression.
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