Collisional and thermal effects on liquid lithium sputtering

The lithium sputtering yield from lithium and tin-lithium surfaces in the liquid state under bombardment by low-energy, singly charged particles as a function of target temperature is measured by using the Ion-surface Interaction Experiment facility. Total erosion exceeds that expected from conventional collisional sputtering after accounting for lithium evaporation for temperatures between 200 and 4000.2em0ex^∘C. Lithium surfaces treated with high-fluence D atoms are bombarded by H⁺, D⁺, He⁺, and Li⁺ at energies between 200 and 10000.3em0exeV and 45^∘{} incidence. Erosion measurements account for temperature-dependent evaporation. For example, 7000.3em0exeV He⁺ particles bombarding the D-treated liquid Li surface at room temperature result in a sputter yield of 0.12 Li/ion and at temperatures ~2.0Tₘ (where Tₘ is the melting temperature of the sample), a yield near and above unity. The enhancement of lithium sputtering is observed to be a strong function of temperature and moderately on particle energy. Bombardment of a low-vapor-pressure lithium alloy (0.8 Sn-Li), used for comparison, also results in nonlinear rise of lithium erosion as a function of temperature. Measurements on both pure liquid Li and the alloy indicate a weak dependence with surface temperature of the secondary ion-induced secondary ion emission. Treatment of liquid Li surfaces with D, yields reduced sputtering under He⁺ impact by a factor of 5--6 when measured at room temperature due to preferential sputtering effects.