Peri‐implant parameters, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and interleukin‐1 beta levels in vaping individuals

AbstractBackgroundTo the author's knowledge, there has been no study that has assessed clinical, radiographic, and immunological peri‐implant parameters among individuals vaping e‐cigarette (e‐cig).PurposeThis pilot study aimed to compare clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters and levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β levels among individuals vaping e‐cigs and never smoker (NS).Materials and MethodsForty‐seven individuals vaping e‐cigs (group‐1) and 45 NS (group‐2) were included. Demographic and implant‐related data were collected using a structured baseline questionnaire. Peri‐implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and peri‐implant bone loss (PIBL) were assessed using standardized digital radiographs. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in peri‐implant sulcular fluid.ResultsBleeding on probing showed statistically significantly higher values in group‐2 patients as compared to group‐1 patients (P < .01). Probing depth ≥ 4 mm and PIBL was statistically significantly higher in group‐1 patients as compared to group‐2 patients (P < .05). Mean concentrations of TNF‐α (P < .001) and IL‐1β (P < .01) were statistically significantly increased in individuals in group 1 as compared with group 2. A significant positive correlations were found between TNF‐α levels and BOP (P = .024) and PIBL (P = .016); and significant positive correlation was found between IL‐1β and PIBL (P = .018) in group 1, respectively.ConclusionsClinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters are compromised among vaping individuals. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in peri‐implant sulcular fluid may suggest greater local inflammatory response in vaping individuals for peri‐implant inflammation.