Inflammatory mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy: pathogenic roles and therapeutic perspectives

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of global vision impairment, represents one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes. Numerous studies have confirmed that inflammatory processes and aberrant angiogenesis constitute pivotal pathological mechanisms in DR. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory mediators - including cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules - have been consistently detected in the serum, ocular fluids (aqueous humor and vitreous), retinal tissue, and tear film of DR patients, forming an intricate molecular network that drives disease progression. Importantly, modulation of these inflammatory components demonstrates potential to attenuate both vascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration in DR. This mechanistic understanding positions inflammation as a promising therapeutic target, highlighting the need for further investigation into anti-inflammatory strategies for DR management.