If the electromagnetic wave theory of pulsars is correct, then particle acceleration occurs within the nebulous debris of the supernova explosion. Model calculations show that each event produces about 10⁴⁹ erg in ionic cosmic rays. Particle energies range from 10⁹ to 10¹⁶ eV (with spectral index {~} 2 before corrections for losses), and the chemical composition is mostly that of matter processed through several stages of nuclear burning. Both the electronic and the ionic components of the galactic cosmic rays can be maintained by particles accelerated in supernova remnants.
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Kulsrud et al. (1972) studied this question.
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