The impact of cardiovascular drugs on hyperglycemia and diabetes: a review of ‘unspoken' side effects

AIMS: The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has led to the widespread use of cardiovascular drugs that can adversely impact glucose metabolism. This review focuses on the latest evidence on the potential of cardiovascular drugs to induce adverse glycemic effects but also the underlying mechanisms, prevention, and management strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across scientific databases until May 25th, 2024. RESULTS: Certain cardiovascular drugs can induce hyperglycemia through multiple mechanisms, including altered the secretion and sensitivity of insulin through direct cytotoxic effects toward pancreatic beta cells and increased glucose secretion. Notably, diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and statins have been associated with significant glycemic disturbances. The risk of hyperglycemia varies based on individual factors, drug dosages, and concurrent medications. These drug-induced hyperglycemic effects may sometimes reverse upon discontinuation of related medication. Effective management should include lifestyle modifications, the use of glucose-lowering medications, and opting for lower-risk cardiovascular drugs. Monitoring for hyperglycemia involves educating affected individuals and conducting regular blood glucose tests. Identifying at-risk individuals and implementing preventive measures are crucial for improving both cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Certain cardiovascular drugs significantly contribute to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus through various mechanisms. Effective management includes identifying at-risk individuals, choosing lower-risk medications, and implementing monitoring and preventive strategies. Further research is needed to fully understand these mechanisms and develop targeted interventions to prevent and manage cardiovascular drug-induced hyperglycemia, thereby improving clinical outcomes.