Key result
Voluntary breath holding significantly increased the generic coupling (MIC) between delta EEG power and end-tidal CO2 in most brain regions compared to free breathing.
Why the study?
Does voluntary breath hold alter the linear and nonlinear coupling between EEG activity and PETCO2 compared to free breathing in healthy subjects?
Cross-Sectional (n=11)
No
Does voluntary breath hold alter the linear and nonlinear coupling between EEG activity and PETCO2 compared to free breathing in healthy subjects?
Voluntary breath holding increases both linear and nonlinear coupling between EEG delta and alpha band activity and PETCO2 compared to free breathing, highlighting complex brain-respiratory interactions.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Breath-hold effects in healthy subjects warrant respiratory control in EEG studies; leaves open clinical relevance or translation to patients.
Brain activations related to the control of breathing are not completely known. The respiratory system is a non-linear system. However, the relationship between neural and respiratory dynamics is usually estimated through linear correlation measures, completely neglecting possible underlying nonlinear interactions. This study evaluate the linear and nonlinear coupling between electroencephalographic (EEG) signal and variations in carbon dioxide (CO2) signal related to different breathing task. During a free breathing and a voluntary breath hold tasks, the coupling between EEG power in nine different brain regions in delta (1–3 Hz) and alpha (8–13 Hz) bands and end-tidal CO2 (PET CO2) was evaluated. Specifically, the generic associations (i.e. linear and nonlinear correlations) and a “pure” nonlinear correlations were evaluated using the maximum information coefficient (MIC) and MIC-ρ2 between the two signals, respectively (where ρ2 represents the Pearson’s correlation coefficient). Our results show that in delta band, MIC indexes discriminate the two tasks in several regions, while in alpha band the same behaviour is observed for MIC-ρ2, suggesting a generic coupling between delta EEG power and PETCO2 and a pure nonlinear interaction between alpha EEG power and PETCO2. Moreover, higher indexes values were found for breath hold task respect to free breathing.
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Morelli et al. (2018) conducted a cross-sectional in Healthy (n=11). Voluntary breath hold task vs. Free breathing task was evaluated on Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) between delta EEG power and end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) (p=<0.05). Voluntary breath holding significantly increased the generic coupling (MIC) between delta EEG power and end-tidal CO2 in most brain regions compared to free breathing.
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