The Fourth Industrial Evolution and the Fight Against Carbon Leakage and the Issue of Climate Change

National climate measure or border carbon adjustment is one of the best solutions to combat carbon leakage, and the issue of climate change since international cooperation has not reached any significant movement in decades.However, the adoption of such measures can be faced with legal uncertainties under the legal framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with its principles of trade liberalizations.Particularly, border carbon adjustment might violate the market access, non-discrimination principles, disciplines of technical regulations, and the regulations on subsidies.This paper focuses on the legal hurdles of the issue and discusses a possible approach to enhancing the capacities of the domestic industries itself to offset the disadvantages of competitiveness especially within the fourth industrial evolution rather than strict measures imposing on imports that may violate the international trade law.