Denaturation and Physical Characteristics of Spray-Dried Whey Protein Isolate Powders Produced in the Presence and Absence of Lactose, Trehalose, and Polysorbate-80

The denaturation (loss of protein through aggregation and/or change in secondary structure) and physical characteristics such as powder morphology, particle size and size distribution, amorphous/crystalline behavior, and solubility of whey protein isolate (WPI) were investigated in a spray-drying process. The protective efficacy of sugars (lactose and trehalose) and low-molecular-weight surfactant polysorbate-80 (Tween-80) on the secondary structure (β-turn, β-sheet and α-helix) and physical characteristics of spray-dried WPI was quantified. The WPI, WPI+sugar, and WPI+Tween-80 formulations were spray dried maintaining the total solids at 10% (w/w). The inlet and outlet temperatures were maintained at 180 and 80°C, respectively. The results showed that the loss of protein through denaturation and aggregation was not significant (p > 0.05). However, a significant (p < 0.05) alteration of the secondary structural elements was observed. Due to spray drying of WPI without protectants, the β-sheet and β-turn were decreased by 4.4 and 14.5%, respectively, and the random coil increased by 20.7%. The α-helix of WPI remained unaltered during the spray-drying process. The presence of Tween-80 effectively protected the α-helix and β-sheet but the β-turn remained vulnerable and was decreased. No significant (p > 0.05) change in the solubility of WPI was observed due to spray drying. Spray drying of WPI+sugar produced essentially amorphous particles. The dried powder particles were spherical with wrinkled or folded surface.