Mapping the Central Autonomic Network Nodes Integrating Cardiovascular and Metabolic Control

Fig. 1. Flowchart of the methodology used to analyze the morphological data of the study. The numbers in the gold circles are the five possible outcomes (Williams et al. 2025)

Fig. 2. Mapping the brain nuclei projecting to the kidney, liver or BAT. Diagrams summarizing expression levels in various brain nuclei after PRV-GFP inoculation of the a kidneys, b liver, or c BAT and d shared nuclei labeled from the three organs. The kidneys and liver represent six days post-inoculation while the BAT represents five days post-inoculation

Fig. 3. Mapping the brain nuclei with single or dual neuronal projections to the kidney and BAT. Representative images and diagram of brain nuclei containing neurons projecting to the kidney (PRV-GFP) and/or BAT (PRV-RFP). Arrows indicate neurons co-expressing GFP and RFP. The kidney-BAT endpoint was five days post-inoculation. AI Agranular insular cortex, Sep Lateral septal nucleus, Motor Motor cortex, PVN Paraventricular nucleus hypothalamic, LH Lateral hypothalamus, PAG Periaqueductal gray, LC Locus coeruleus, nTS Nucleus of the solitary tract, AP Area Postrema, 10 N Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, 3 V Third ventricle, Aq Cerebral aqueduct, cc Central canal

Fig. 4. Mapping the brain nuclei with single or dual neuronal projections the kidney and liver. Representative images and diagram of brain nuclei containing neurons projecting to the kidneys (PRV-GFP) and/or liver (PRV-RFP). Arrows indicate neurons co-expressing GFP and RFP. The kidney-liver endpoint was six days post-inoculation. AI Agranular insular cortex, Sep Lateral septal nucleus, Motor Motor cortex, PVN Paraventricular nucleus hypothalamic, LH Lateral hypothalamus, PAG Periaqueductal gray, LC Locus coeruleus, nTS Nucleus of the solitary tract, AP Area Postrema, 10 N Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, 3 V Third ventricle, Aq Cerebral aqueduct, cc Central canal

Fig. 5. Quantitative analysis of central neurons projecting to the kidney and BAT or liver. Percentages (mean and SEM) of (a) kidneys only (GFP), BAT only (RFP), and co-expressing neurons (GFP and RFP) in select nuclei of mice that received PRV-GFP in the kidneys and PRV-RFP in BAT, (b) kidney only (GFP), liver only (RFP), and co-expressing neurons (GFP and RFP) in select nuclei of mice that received PRV-GFP in the kidneys and PRV-RFP in liver, (c) co-expressing neurons from kidney-BAT inoculations as a percentage of kidney or BAT associated neurons, and (d) co-expressing neurons from kidney-liver inoculations as a percentage of kidney or liver associated neurons. Violin plots of the equivalent circular diameter for organ associated neurons in select nuclei after inoculation in c) kidney and BAT, and d) kidney and liver. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.005, **** p < 0.001

Fig. 6. Finite mixture models of the ECD distribution for select nuclei of mice that received PRV-GFP in the kidneys and PRV-RFP in BAT a-d shows the distributions for the kidney associated neurons, and e-h shows the distributions for the BAT associated neurons

Fig. 7. Finite mixture models of the ECD distribution for selected nuclei of mice that received PRV-GFP in the kidneys and PRV-RFP in liver. a-d shows the distributions for the kidney associated neurons, and e-h shows the distributions for the liver associated neurons