Diastolic and Systolic Longitudinal Myocardial Velocities of Healthy Racing Pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) Measured by Tissue Doppler Imaging

Figures

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  Figure 1. Color coding of early (a) and active diastolic (b) tissue velocities and a part of the myocardial movement during the isovolumetric contraction (c) by tissue Doppler imaging in the four-chamber view: the movement of the myocardium toward (red color) and away from the heart apex (blue color) is visible. R: right; L: left ventricle; HR: heart rate. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; T: T wave. The color scale on the right of the image is calibrated in cm s−1.

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  Figure 2. Color coding of the early (a), middle (b), and late part (c) of systolic tissue velocities by tissue Doppler imaging from the four-chamber view: the movement of the myocardium toward (red color) and away from the heart apex (blue color) is visible. R: right; L: left ventricle; HR: heart rate. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; T: T wave. The color scale on the right of the image is calibrated in cm s−1.

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  Figure 3. Basal myocardial velocities in the four-chamber view measured by TDI: sample areas (Ø 2 mm): red: right ventricular free wall; yellow: left ventricular free wall; green: septum; early diastolic: E’ wave; late diastolic: A’ wave; systolic tissue velocities: S’ wave. Isovolumetric contraction: IVC; isovolumetric relaxation: IVR; HR: heart rate. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; T: T wave.

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  Figure 4. Myocardial velocities of the left ventricular free wall in the four-chamber view measured by TDI (sample areas: Ø 2 mm). The tissue velocities of the basal (yellow), middle (green), and apical (red) segment are shown: early diastolic: E’ wave; late diastolic: A’ wave; systolic tissue velocities: S’ wave. Isovolumetric contraction: IVC; isovolumetric relaxation: IVR; HR: heart rate. Electrocardiogram: P: P wave; S: S wave; T: T wave.

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  Figure 5. Systolic (S’ wave: a–c), early diastolic (E’ wave: d–f), and late diastolic (A’ wave: g–i) myocardial velocities of the basal heart wall segments of the right free wall, septum, and left free wall of six pigeons measured over six different weeks by TDI. The box plot shows the median (horizontal line in center), the 25th percentile (box border at bottom), and the 75th percentile (box border at top). The upper and lower ends of the whiskers show the maximum and minimum values. The single datapoints are outliers. The single diamond in the box is the mean.