The publication of an internationally accepted definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) 12 years ago precipitated a proliferation of research and literature surrounding the identification of CKD, risk factors for progression, and important prognostic factors.1 It also stimulated continuing debate concerning the criteria used for definition of CKD and exactly how ageing influences CKD and its sequelae.2 3 The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has modified its previous recommendations on the classification of CKD,4 partly based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)5 and driven by prognostic data from large observational studies. NICE has also recognised a requirement for better identification of people at risk of adverse outcome and covers some key areas relating to the management of CKD, including frequency of monitoring, progression of CKD, acute kidney injury, and renin-angiotensin system blockade. This article summarises the most recent recommendations from NICE.6 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group’s experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Investigations for chronic kidney disease
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Carville et al. (2014) studied this question.
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